E-Commerce and IT Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-Commerce and IT Security - Essay Exampleinitial forms, cell knells had specific and limited operational potentials today cell phones have increment a dole out in order to respond to their new role as a primary personal manner of communication an indicative example is the BlackBerry, a cell phone with advanced capabilities for instance the Organiser or the GPS (referring to the Smartphone vaunts, see the firms website) on the other hand, the fact that mobile phone has become the primary mode of communication has led to another problem the social life of people takes new forms the isolation of individuals is promoting in this context, the mobile phone is no longer effective a convenience this change of the role of mobile phones should be reviewed. It should be noted that the above initiative is expected to face strong opposition if pickings into consideration the fact that mobile phone is regarded as related with daily life at such a level that the warnings on the risks from its extensive wasting disease are ignored like in the case of electrosensitivity a health problem related with the use of mobile phone (Rubin et al., 2008, p.1). On the other hand, til now in cases that rules were set for the use of mobile phone (for instance, when driving) these rules were not applied (Walsh et al., 2008, p.1893). Current paper examines key points on the use and the advances of mobile phones, e-commerce and IT-security aiming to explain their development internationally.Airtexting offers the ability to communicate in silence i.e. without actually speaking. This means that the people around are not likely to notice the specific activity however, in practice this benefit of airtexting is lost because of a severe disadvantage the ability of anyone near the sender to read the text of the message. At this point a predicament is set? Is privacy of higher importance than the need for communication? It depends on each persons perceptions and experiences. From a person al view, I would characterize this feature as

United States v. Angevine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

United States v. Angevine - Essay ExampleTherefore, companies reserve their rights to exercise these policies and/or regulations at their discretion. Any violation of these policies and/or regulations can also result in serious disciplinary actions and other consequences, which are usu exclusivelyy mentioned or detailed in the policies/regulations.Employees cannot expect to have secretiveness in usage of such equipment meant for decreed use though the equipment may be carried out of official premises and can be used as per the employees needs. Therefore, employees cannot expect to have explicit assurances of privacy on usage of such equipment and are thus obliged to follow the regulations set forth by their company. Moreover, a company hires employees to achieve a precise goal, which becomes a shared goal of all employees this shared goal is achieved by collective efforts of all employees. In order to help them achieve these goals, companies provide them with all sorts of faciliti es, equipment, tools, and technology. Thus employees are expected to make use of these facilities only to enhance theirs and companys performance. Usage of such equipment for any personal reasons would be a violation of the code. Most companies do not object usage of equipment for personal reasons as long as the reasons are genuine and within limits of law. If the equipment is used for illegal, unethical, and felonious reasons, then the company has the right to seize the equipment. In order to prevent such undesirable usage, companies also reserve the right to monitor the usage of their equipment with or without the users knowledge. Companies that offer such equipment to their employees for professional usage usually educate the employees about these guidelines.As seen in the case of United States versus Angevine, the Oklahoma State University computer insurance policy clearly mentions about the usage limits, privacy and

Greek city states rise and influence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Greek city states rise and find out - Essay ExampleThe very(prenominal) emergence of Sparta is in large-part concealed from history, but its later rise is well documented in Greek literature and historical accounts. The very emergence of ascetical power and influence is historically linked to their military conquests. The earliest recorded evidence of Sparta arises in around 1000 B.C., but it wasnt until the 6th nose candy B.C. that Sparta began to gain considerable influence and power within Greece (Morris). This dot of time is referred to as the Monolithic period. During this period Sparta gradually gained influence through military conquests. In these regards, there are a number of critical battles that greatly contributed to Spartas hegemonic power. One of the major conquests in these regards was Spartas overtaking of neighboring Tegea, which was one of the nigh powerful of the surrounding cities. In 494 B.C. the serious invasion of Argos, while unsuccessful, would ultimat ely result in Sparta becoming recognized as the leading state of Hellas (Kennell). It was during this period that Sparta gained considerable influence within Greece, being recognized as the city-state that would lead the Greek forces.The next major step in Spartas rise and influence emerges in terms of their relations with Athens. Sparta became first became influential in Athenian politics after overthrowing tyrant Athenian ruler Hippias in 510 B.C. Through the achievement years they would go on to gain considerably more influence within Athens. In large part, one of the significant events contributing to this rise in influence came through Spartas military support to Athens during the Persian Wars. During this period they were able to stave off invasion and drive the Persian legions to a standstill. One such political decision came when Sparta instruction the revolting Ionian Greeks to settle in cities that had supported the invading Persian Empire (Jones). This Spartan influence continued until Athens ultimately sided with

Problems and Prospects of Global Governance Regime in Migration Essay

Problems and Prospects of global Governance Regime in Migration - Essay eventThe paper tells that the usage of the terminal figure global brass instrument is quite complex. In modern outside(a) relations, the policy as well as the academic origins of the term merged substantially. It has been noted that the definition of the term global governance, the degree of governance, what it controls and how, tend not to be explicit in the increasing literature on the subject. spherical governance has been created in response to the evolution of trans-boundary issues. There are numerous issues which tend to be trans-boundary to an extent since the characteristic of the problem is one that goes beyond the borders and and so cannot be dealt with by a single state acting in remoteness. A few of the significant trans-boundary issues are climate alteration, transmissible diseases, international trade, act of terrorism and transitional crime. States have tried to create forms of institutiona lised international cooperation in order to address the problems. Globalisation, because of rising trans-boundary interconnectivity, has developed a growing requirement for governance that goes beyond the nation-state. The requirement for global governance is related with globalisation and the need to state cross-border spill-overs as well as externalities. However, one of the modern expressions of globalisation has been international migration. By its definition, it is considered as a trans-boundary problem which is not possible for the states to address individually. It has not been successful at creating a rational, multilateral global governance framework. (Dito, 2000). Global migration governance is based upon variety of formal as well as informal institutions which operate at numerous levels of governance. It is worthy of noticing the fact that the institutions that control states responses to pitying trafficking as well as smuggling are not alike the states that tend to moni tor responses to skilled labour migration. In each class of migration, on that point is multifaceted range of regional, inter-regional, and bilateral agreements with distinct level of governance possessing greater significance with regards to certain categories of migration in comparison to others (Dito, 2000). Migration Defined Internationally According to the fall in Nations (UN) suggestions in the data related to international migration, an international migrant is someone who alters his or her home country. When a person does this for at least one year, thusly such person is known as long-term migrant. On the other hand, a short-term migrant is someone who tends to alter his or her country and moves to some other country for a time frame of as a minimum three months, however below a year, except in cases where the movement to that circumstance country is for recreation, business, visiting friends and relatives or religious pilgrimage. The characteristics of the duration mea sures the period of the

Social Media and Innovation Essay Example for Free

brotherly Media and unveiling EssayMethodologyThe purpose of this literary works review is to explore recorded belles-lettres and evidence relating to genial media and cornerstone. The research method for the review consisted of by surveying a total of 20 articles 15 journal and conference-proceeding works, and five practitioner articles touch on the topic in different contexts. A selection of trusted databases were accessed through MSU Libraries electronic Resources in the search to find articles, include the ACM Digital Library, the IEEE IET Electronic library, Proquest and Google. All of the analyse literature exists between the years of 2010 and 2012. Table 2 (p. 10) reflects the articles that were engaged in this review, listing the author and title of the work, the implication of the psychoanalyze, and any limitations of the study noned.Different combinations of keywords were habitd to extract literature related to the topic, for example affable media and la unching, kind product intent, and blade 2.0 and asylum, and many other configurations. The executive summaries and abstracts of the articles included were briefed to verify relevancy, and later the articles themselves were reviewed in entirety. To make the task of reviewing the bulk of literature streamlined, and manageable key points were recorded for each article.The nones contain the main takeaways for the articles the authors purpose of the research or studies conducted, the main points, and claims most relevant to the general subject, the key findings, or results of the studies conducted, the ch entirelyenges faced (regarding the specific research/studies themselves, and those relating to the broader topic) and lastly, the recommendations aimed, if any, including those applying to future research in the argona of the study, or those involving the companies and entities cover in the research. A put off compiling all of this important information will be provided for quic k comparison of the different contexts that social media and knowledgeableness were utilise to.The research yielded a variety of perspectives regarding established literature and research in the area of social media and variation, in addition to the real-world performance of various social media and transformation stumpers and evaluation of their performance. This literature review will explore the perspectives, claims and findings of the articles included highlighting similarities and contrasts to discuss gaps and overlaps. Recommendations for future research in the area will be provided in the conclusion.IntroductionThe term social media most commonly falls under the guise of the some of the most popular social ne iirking websites to date, i.e. Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Linked In. Truth in full, the phenomenon that is social media involves much than just photo sharing and status updates. companionable media ne tworks are powerful tools when affaird for friendship creation and shared creativity. A more(prenominal) contemporary theatre of operations of study, social media and innovation tends to branch off into other areas like crowdsourcing, and open innovation. These platforms enable virtual communities, or groups of volume exploitation social technologies for coaction efforts, of all kinds to execute tasks, solve problems, express nouss, and function in a group environment. To date, collaborative thinking has been proven to aid in the innovation function. The central idea is that groups of drug users possess crowd-wisdom (sometimes referred to as the wisdom of the crowd). It is a term describing the relative expertise or emf of knowledge available from a crowd of mess as opposed to restricted internal experts. In, Rising creativeness and Participation in plan and Knowledge Management Activities, Gourova Toteva describe the effect that involving the crowd has had on product exploitation specifically in the business sector.The raise from vertical to a horizontal production model has brought changes in the innovation movement, whereas end users and away stakeholders provide additional benefits to organizations, which are increasingly using the wisdom of the crowd. (Gourova Toteva, 2011) With the evolution of the Inter cans landscape brought on by social networks and social technologies, comes the shift in methods of productivity. Crowd collaboration is at the heart of social media and innovation models, and according to the articles has began to cause somewhat of a stir in organizations creative and development areas. Holtzblatt Tierney (2011) warn that iterating and developing ideas in isolation or with limited awareness of similar research in other divorces of the organization toilet position missed opportunities and duplication of effort. collaborative innovation processes via social media networks hurl potential to manifest effective results when utilizing user-driven innovation activities.S ocially-enabling innovation processes whoremonger have positive effect on outcomes when participation is broadened, and greater dialogue around ideas is fostered. (Holtzblatt Tierney, 2011) The article Six discover Takeaways on Social Media and insertion from Digital Marketing Pioneer door guard Gale, stressed the importance of the shift of one-way dialogue into real conversations, and urged firms to get to know their stomachals and customers, and to look beyond a numbers-only approach to measuring victor. Results are not always return-on-investment returns may also be made by added fans/followers or with enhanced customer engagement. (Arthur, 2012)Firms and organizations, realizing the advantageous properties of social media networks have began to use them, attempting to reap the benefits of them. Research and Development, product and software innovations, and internal employee communications to help garner virtual communities are just a few of the areas in which social te chnologies have been applied to help innovation. Social media and innovation is an area in which the common practices and functions of social networks are manipulated, exposing the greater potential of productivity that they withhold, and so often, not credited for. The studies included in this review feature real-world applications of social media networks in business and in development, and theoretical evidence that the models merging social technologies and the innovation process have the potential to be successful.Summary of LiteratureThe articles chosen for this review were extracted from the different databases mentioned previously. The literature explores social media and innovation from different perspectives, and how both the internal and extraneous innovation process can be enhanced using social media. The variance of perspectives and focuses from different authors fostered a host of different terms and models relating to social media and innovation. Below, table 2 illustr ates the different keywords and key terms used in the literature, their definitions and the title and author of the work that contains those terms.Table (1)Social Media + Innovation keywordsTerm Definition generator WorkOpen innovation open innovation model A method for capturing value form technology innovation- whether that innovation transcends within or alfresco the organization. Defining Open.(Gobble, 2012) Crowdsourcing The act of accessing the wise crowd for ideas and solutions (term coined by Jeff Howe). The Revolution lead be Shared Social Media and Innovation(Anonymous, 2011) Web 2.0 Technologies that enable users to communicate create issue and share it with each other via communities, social networks and virtual worlds. Social Media Use and voltage in Business-to- Business Companies Innovation.(Jussila et al, 2010 Social product innovation The practice of supplement social media technologies in the innovation process. Kalypso Social Media and proceeds Innovation Research Findings.(Anonymous, 2011) Innovation-related collaboration Collaboration activities utilized in the innovation process.Social Media Use and Potential in Business-to-Business Companies Innovation. (Jussila, 2010) Communities of creation Groups of people who engage in generation of ideas for future products and serve, bustlingly discuss, further elaborate and test them. Virtual Worlds as Collaborative Innovation and Knowledge Platform.(Fuller et al, 2012) User-driven innovation An approach in which users are the sources of ideas, drivers of the design, and decision makers throughout the design process. Practical Model for User-Driven Innovation in active Software Development.(Koskela et. al, 2011) Co-creation Describes the active role of users. Platform Model for User-Driven Innovation in Agile Software Development. (Koskela et. al, 2011) Customer Communities Communities of a companys end-users. Benefits of Social Media in Business-to-Business Customer Interface.(Jussil a et al, 2011) User-driven innovation Describes users contri unlessions to challenges launched by companies.Practical Model for User-Driven Innovation Agile Software Development.(Koskela, 2011) Lead user Active in idea development over an extended stop of time. Getting Customers Ideas to Work for You Learning from Dell How to Succeed With Online User Innovation Communities(Gangi et al, 2010) Crowd Futurology Refers to the forum of the future. Social media crowdsouced environment. Enterprise 2.0 Describes social networking software to backing and enhance the continuously ever-changing and emergent collaborative structures across initiative Governing Web 2.0(Dedene et al, 2011) Wisdom of crowdsThe characteristic of crowds to create content, solve problems and even do corporate research. Raising Creativity and Participation in Innovation and Knowledge Management Activities. (Gourova Toteva, 2011) Enterprise social innovation Method that allows companies to take advantage of blank et(a) networks, by providing open channels of communication and stimulating innovation. Enterprise 2.0 and Semantic Technologies for Open Innovation Support(Carbone et al, 2010) User Innovation Communities Virtual community of customers that participate with organizations in RD. The adjacent Digital Wave Using Social Media (Accenture, 2012)Social media and innovation begins with one concept social media technologies. Each article that was studied for this literature review, show in one way or another, the revolutionary power that these technologies possess. Though different terms were used to describe the technologies, such as web 2.0, enterprise 2.0, and social technologies, the consensus between the authors is that they hold much potential (and often times untapped) to foster successful creative and productive environments.Real World Application/ ChallengesThe literature reflects a variance in knowledge, and evidence available in the social media and innovation area, directly af fecting the rate of credence of companies and organizations. The articles studied for this review were print in the past two years. The general trend is that the older pieces (2010-2011) reflect a lack of knowledge, resources, and statistics regarding social media and innovation. Jussila et al (2010) identify four major challenges trusty absence of innovation processes using social media technologies in business to business companies lack of understanding possibilities of social media in innovation, difficulties of assessing financial gains from social media, difficulties in adopting bran-new mental models and practices needed for adoption, and lack of evidence of similar using social media in innovation. (Jussila et al, 2010) The authors identify one cause organism a relatively simply amount of information in the area, and fragmented theoretical and empirical research. (Jussila et al, 2010) Similarly, Bettina Mikko (2010) agreed that the literature is relatively scarce concer ning open innovation in the specific channel on online communities. (Bettina Mikko, 2010) Despite the lack of knowledge, they acknowledge efforts to incorporate these type of open collaboration activities.Although some firms have adopted these principles, the way for users to communicate their ideas to the firms remain underutilized with a few exceptions. (Bettina Mikko, 2010) A general lack of knowledge in the area of social media and innovation is not the only cited issue relating to real-world applications of models and policies. In the article, Social Media and Product Innovation Research Findings, (2011) a survey of more than 90 manufacturing and service companies revealed that 70 percent of the participating companies are using or were planning to use social media for product innovation, but of those respondents, less than half had an effectuation and/or management dodging in place. Forty-six percent of respondents revealed a lack of knowledge regarding effective approache s. (Anonymous, 2011)The article notes one of the causes of this trend as the lack of knowledge among companies uncertainty of benefits (of social media innovation strategies) and leading practices. (Anonymous, 2011) Gangi et al (2010) acknowledges the potential of business models using social technologies to engage users as a competitive advantage, but also lists challenges companies face in execution of instrument 1) understanding users ideas posted, 2) identifying the best ideas, 3) balancing needs for foil against disclosure (protecting user-submitted ideas for competitors, 4) sustaining the community (developing strategies for interacting with the community to sustain user participation. Koskela et al (2011) confirms the claim that companies do not have enough knowledge of utilizing users scuttlebutt and social media-based fundamental interaction in innovation and software activities, in the article Practical Model for User-Driven Innovation in Agile Software Development.A ch anging of perspectives occurs in the articles written between 2011-2012. Gourova Toteva (2011) argue that the rate of adoption of creative activities involving customers in the process is increasing in companies. The authors concluded the article Rising Creativity and Participation in Innovation and Knowledge Management Activities, by stating Nowadays social media is increasingly reinforcement innovation and is behind most open innovation processes and users co-creation activities. Following in line with this claim, Figge et al. (2012) reveals that most big corporations chose to tap into the growing portion of participative consumers to refine their marketing strategy practices, and that social media, being major sales and marketing channels, have allowed for increasing collective trends in consumption. (Figge et al., 2012)Pena (2012) concluded after a study of multi-national corporations use of social innovation sites and application of content tack on those sites that while mult i-national firms did not formally embrace social platforms for innovation, passive or informal use of these sources were endorsed by 100% of the interviewees. (Pena, 2012) The two main barriers to use of the sources included 1) a lack of clarity around the owner of the finished idea and the potential for litigation and 2) the fact that competition becomes certified of firms intentions as they pursue innovation from social formats. (Pena, 2012)Business ContextsSeveral articles applied to or studied social media technologies and the innovation in the creation processes of firms. There were several(prenominal) articles analyzing and comparing the use of social media innovation processes, specifically business-to-business and business-to-consumer firms. The differences between the two in terms of categories of clientele and business practices reveal similarities and differences in innovation and collaboration methods.In Social Media Use and Potential in Business-to-Business Companies I nnovation, Jussila et al, makes the point that the use of social media in innovation processes can reveal great potential for success in b2b companies, like in b2c companies, and was used with innovation partners (outside audience) more often than with b2c companies. (Jussila et al, 2010)Jussila et. al (2011) acknowledged the assumption that it is much more difficult to utilize social media in business innovation and customer interface for business-to-business innovation and customer interface for business-to-business products, markets and product development. Research exploring social media and benefits from the business-to-business customer interface perspective found potential causes for variance of social media use in different phases of innovation processes patterns of interaction between firm and customers vary with roles, knowledge creation activities vary depending on nature of knowledge to be created and lastly, customers motivation to participate or be involved in innovati on process activity rather than product support. separate articles focused on business in a broader context in order to make implications or recommendations in the field of study Fuller et al (2012) studied IBMs use of social media use in innovation and collaboration processes using virtual worlds (second life) in the article Virtual Worlds as Collaborative Innovation and Knowledge Platform.During the course of the study, IBM gathered experience by using 3D environments as communication and interaction platform within the organization. The study findings indicated potential for virtual worlds to foster creative ideas both within, and beyond the company. (Fuller et al, 2012) Similarly, Gangi et al (2010) analyzed and assessed challenges present in the first 18 months of Dells IdeaStorm program implementation and offered recommendations for successful management of online user innovation communities. The recommendations are relevant to any application of a user-driven innovation plat form create a user toolkit, strategically position key personnel to ensure clear, logical flow of ideas to proper internal resources, engage the lead users of the platform, promote self-governance in users to enable community to nurse more of workload, respond quickly and ask questions, make user-submitted votes count and present progress clearly and openly to the community. (Gangi, et al, 2010)Software DevelopmentThe use of social media for innovation purposes is applied to the development of software in both internal and external (employees of organizations vs. user activities) contexts. In Using Web 2.0 to Improve Software Quality. Black Jacobs (2010) control that the development process has been altered due to social media, now including interaction design where feedback from users is encouraged, and used as part of the ongoing development process. The study examined social media use in collaborative group work using distant teams. Organizations are encouraged to focus implem enting social technologies for purposes of group work. The use of social media presents an hazard for an organization to build a distributed knowledge base and increase employees sense of connection to companies initiatives and to each other. (Black Jacobs, 2010)Koskela et, al (2011) claims that online co-creation among users and developers needs continuous facilitation thus allowing direct user interaction to enhance the perspectives of each group and placing more importance on the uses goals. According to Practical Model for User-Driven Innovation in Agile Software Development, by implementing user-driven innovation integrating users, even in a quick, agile software development process is not only possible and can be potentially beneficial to the organization. (Koskela et. al, 2011)Technological ApplicationsInnovation and social media have technological implications, especially in the areas of enterprise 2.0 and open-innovation processes. Structuring Web 2.0 collaborative platfo rms and strategies is discussed in two of the articles used for this review. In the article Enterprise 2.0 and Semantic Technologies for Open Innovation Support, Carbone et al (2010) emphasizes the potential of enterprise 2.0 technologies by asserting that they have the power to door guard in a new era by making both the practices of knowledge work and its output more visible. The article proposes a new model Semantic web to transform human-readable content into machine-readable content. This new model controls and structures the heavy flow of user-submitted information, an aspect brought on by the collaborative paradigm. (Carbone et al, 2010)Dedene et al (2011) proposes four basis principles to help organizations get the most out of their Enterprise 2.0 investments. In the many-to-many, decentralized environment present in Web 2.0 collaborative activities, structuration is emphasized as a key process and is made possible by these four principles 1) empowerment principle- empowers users to discover desirable uses of technology rather than draw up barriers to unwanted use, 2) processes principle- enables process workers and managers to capture value from experimenting and progressively synthesizing new ways for processing, 3) collaboration principle- lets virtual communities and teamwork emerge from a free-flow of collaboration engagements, rather than pre-assign bulk of roles, activities and access rules and finally 4) people and culture principle- invites people to participate, rather than coercing them to work in a particular way. (Dedene et al, 2011)Findings/ PitfallsAll of the articles studied for this review acknowledged the potential of the use of social media for purposes of innovation to be successful avenues reaching end consumers and sparking creative thinking within a firm or organization. The articles, both theoretically focused, and case studies of real-world application conveyed the benefits of implementation and recognized the area as revoluti onary, and the inevitable direction of the innovation process for firms and organizations. It goes without saying, that there is another side to the coin when it comes to model and strategy implementation. Gangi et. al (2010) identified one potentially damaging characteristic of social media that could negatively effect innovation efforts.The viral aspect of all web 2.0 technologies means that an org could quickly suffer control of negative content. (Gangi, et al, 2010) The pervasiveness and instantaneous aspects of social media can be damning to an organization based on self-published material, or user-published. (Carbone et al, 2010) Managing the overwhelming amounts of information that exists, as an end-result of the decentralisation of ideas may be difficult to achieve. Ideas contributed via social media networks present an issue with idea ownership due to blurred line between what is idea adoption and what could be conceived as theft of intellectual property. As mentioned by Pena (2012) this is one cause of avoidance regarding companies implementation of social technology strategies.RecommendationsDedene et al (2011) notes that managing the technologies for effective use requires strategy and knowledge, and that organizations have not fully mastered these concepts. The promise of Enterprise 2.0 is enticing to many orgs however experience and research into managing such investments to effective benefits realization has not yet reached full maturity making people mindful about the capabilities of the technology is an absolute precondition to benefits generation from the technology. (Dedene et al, 2011) The lack of knowledge available in the application of social media for innovation purposes, though lessening over time, is silent a viable issue of concern for companies attempting to implement models. It is important for there to be an accessible collection of literature to foster field knowledge, and to increase in real-world applications. The lack of un derstanding due to little to no knowledge base has attributed to the skepticism among businesses and IT professionals. (Dedene et. al, 2011) More research should be executed in this area and more literature developed. Organizations will not invest in ideas that are not fully understood.The reach of evidence of benefits of the use of social media for purposes of innovation needs to be increased. Not only should literature about implementation be increased and shared, but also firmer guidelines for successful use of social media for innovation should as well. Many of the major and minor firms and organizations venturing into this somewhat unchartered territory are doing so without a definitive strategy. A set of published principles, assisting first-time implementation, corrective implementation, and for use throughout operation, (management of platforms) should become accessible. This set of principles would provide some protection against simple mistakes and allow for smoother, mor e streamlined implementation for firms and organizations.Table (2)Table of LiteratureAuthor/ Work Implication/ Findings Limitation(s)/ Pitfalls Benefits of Social Media in B2B Customer Interface in Innovation(Jussila, et. al, 2011) Social media can be useful in all stages of B2B companies innovation processes. Companies dont understand how to be active with social media effectively. Measuring the Effectiveness of Social Media on an Innovation Process(Holtzblatt Tierney, 2011) Using social media, it is possible to accelerate the transition of new technology and knowledge to customers by expanding staff and end-users direct communications. Limitations of data restricted to interactions that occur on-line inside the IdeaMarket (platform used in research). Is Open Innovation Open?(Bettina Mikko, 2010) Social media and open innovation principles remain underutilized by companies. Most innovative firms that were studied were multinational with multiple websites, all using different co ntent. Platform Model for User-Driven Innovation in Agile Software Development(Koskela et al, 2011)The model using co-creation tools and direct user-interaction can be applied to the innovation processes of other consumer-targeted products and services.. Companies do not have enough knowledge of utilizing users input and social media based interaction in innovation and software activities. Raising Creativity and Participation in Innovation and Knowledge Management Activities(Gourova Toteva, 2011) Nowadays social media is increasingly supporting innovation and is behind most open innovation processes and users co-creation activities. N/a Social Media and Product Innovation(Anonymous, 2011) When it comes to applying social technologies to product developments and innovation, most organizations are still in the early adoption phase. N/a Social Media Use and Potential in B2B Companies Innovation(Jussila et al, 2010) Both B2B and B2C companies were taking advantage of social media use in innovation processes The gap of perceived use between two different business types is significant. Research should be carried out to facilitate adoptions and fill gap. The Revolution Will Be Shared Social Media and Innovation(Anonymous, 2011) Social technologies used for innovation purposes are revolutionary N/a Using Web 2.0 to improve Software Quality(Black Jacobs) Social media among other benefits, has changed the development process to include interaction design, where feedback from users is used. N/a Virtual Worlds as Collaborative Innovation and Knowledge Platforms(Fuller, et. al, 2012) Virtual worlds can offer new ways of having access to knowledge and creative ideas within and beyond companies. Virtual community lacked total security and some complained about poor artistry Getting Customers Ideas to Work for You Learning from Dell How to Succeed With Online User Innovation Communities.(Gangi et al, 2010) A poorly managed user innovation community could have devastatin g consequences for an organization. Challenges for companies included Understanding users ideas posted, Identifying the best ideas,Balancing needs for transparency against disclosure (protecting user-submitted ideas from competitors) and Sustaining the community (developing strategies for interacting with the community to sustain user participation. Governing Web 2.0(Dedene, 2011) Enterprises can use principles and lessons to avoid the fallacy of going into social media for innovation endeavor with too much of a command/control view on tech adoption Many organizations have not effectively mastered management of social media and innovation platforms Investigating the Increasing Role of Public Social Networks Within the Innovation Process of Large, Multi-National Corporations(Pena, 2012) Use of strong social networking within an organization propels innovation Firms did not embrace platforms, but all endorsed informal use.Two main barriers to use of sources by companies lack of clarit y around owner of ideas, 2) competition may become informed of intentions Enterprise 2.0 and Semantic Technologies for Open Innovation Support(Carbone et al, 2010)The web 2.0 environment helped in establishing an innovation culture in the firms, while the sematic technologies helped not just in fostering interaction for the creation of new ideas, but also in supporting the decision process. N/a Defining Open(Gobble, 2012) Open innovation is among the new resources available for conceptualizing, creating and managing open innovations efforts at every scale. N/a Six Key Takeaways On Social Media And Innovation From Digital Marketing Pioneer Porter Gale(Arthur, 2012) One-way dialogue has evolved into 24/7 real-time conversations. N/a Social Media for Innovation Efforts (Lindegaard, 2013)The use of social media for innovation efforts is still new and full of opportunity. N/a Social Product Innovation2013 Kalypso Social media technologies are rapidly changing the way we communicate and c ollaborate. A comprehensive and sustainable strategy must be developed to deliver results. N/a Five Emerging Innovation and Social Media Trends and Why They Matter Now(Ben-Yehuda, 2012) Social media and a renewed emphasis on innovation and DIY is transforming how government agencies operate and how they interact with citizens. N/a The Next Digital Wave Enterprise Social Innovation. 2012 Accenture Through enterprise social innovation, companies can benefit from a greater pool of ideas, ones that are aligned more closely with the wants and needs of end-consumers. N/aWorks CitedJussila, J., Karkkainen, H., Meino, M. (2011). Benefits of social media in business-to-business customer inerface in innovation. 2011vACM,Holtzblatt, J., Tierney, M. L. (2011). Measuring the effectiveness of social media on an innovation process. 2011 ACM,Bettina, M., Mikko, L. (2010, Sep). Is innovation open? evidence from the most innovative firms and the most valuable brands. European conference on innovat ion and entrepreneurship, United kingdom.Koskela, K., Nakki, P., Pikkarainen, M. (2011). 17th international conference of concurrent enterprising, Finland.Gourova, E., Toteva, K. (2011). Raising creativity and participation in innovation and knowledge managment activities. 17th internation conference on concurrent enterprising.Anonymous. (2011). Social media and product innvoation research findings. Professional services close-up,Jussila, J., Karkkainen, H., Vaisanen, J. (2010). Social media use and potential in business-to-business companies innovation. 2010 ACM,Anonymous. (201). The revolution will be shared social media and innovation. Research technology management, 54(1), 64-66.Black, S., Jacobs, J. (2010). Using web 2.0 to improve software quality. 2010 ACM,Fuller, J., Hautz, J., Hutter, K., Matzler, K., Muller, J. (2012). Virtual worlds as collaborative innovation and knowledge platform. 2012 IEEE,Gangi, P., Hooker, R., Wasko, M. (2010). Getting customers ideas to work for you learning from dell how to succeed with online user innovation communities. MIS quarterly executive, 9(4),Dedene, A. G., Hertogh, S., Viaene, S. (2011). Governing web 2.0. Communications of the acm, 54(3),Pena, V. (2012). Investigating the increasing role of public social networkd within the innovation process of large, multi-national corporations. Business studies journal, 3,Carbone, F., Contreras, J., Hernandez, J. (2010). Enterprise 2.0 and semantic technologies for open innovation support. IEA/AIE 2010, part II, 18-27.Gobble, M. (2012). Defining open. Research technology management, Arthur , L. (2012, 3 6). Six key takeaways on social media and innovation from digital marketing pioneer porter gale. Retrieved from http//www.forbes.com/sites/lisaarthur/2012/03/06/six-key-take-aways-on-social-media-and-innovation-from-porter-gale-former-virgin-america-marketing-vp/Lindegaard, S. (2013, 01 31). Free webinar social media for innovation efforts. Retrieved from http//www.15in no.com/2013/01/31/smwebinar/Kalypso. (2013). Social product innovation, capabilites, kalypso. 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The drug war is not working Essay Example for Free

The do drugs fight is non working EssayThat is certainly true if we assume, as he does, that the endeavor of the drug war is to induce Americans to consume only approved drugs. But as the war wears on, we have to wonder what its purposes really are. If its purpose is to make criminals out of one in three African-American males, it has succeeded. If its purpose is to create one of the highest crime rates in the world and thus to can permanent fodder for demagogues who decry crime and promise to do something about it it is achieving that end. If its purpose is de facto repeal of the Bill of Rights, victory is well in sight. If its purpose is to shift individual freedom to the central government, it is carrying that off as well as any of our real wars did. If its purpose is to destroy our inner cities by making them war zones, triumph is near. Most of the results of the drug war, of which the essayists here complain, were widely observed during alcohol prohibition. Everyone should have kn confess that the same fate would follow if the Prohibition approach were simply transferred to different drugs.It has been clear for over a decade that Milton Friedmans warnings about Prohibition redux have been borne out (see his Prohibition and Drugs, Newsweek, May 1, 1972). At some point, the consequences of a social policy become so palpable that deliberate continuation of the policy incorporates those consequences into the policy. We are near if not past that point with drug prohibition. For cardinal years following the repeal of alcohol prohibition, we treated drug prohibition as we did other laws against vice we didnt take it very seriously.As we were extricating ourselves from the Vietnam War, however, Richard Nixon declared complete global war on the drug menace, and the militarization of the problem began. After Ronald Reagan redeclared that war, and George Bush did the same, we had a drug-war budget that was 1,000 times what it was when Nixon first disco vered the new enemy. The objectives of the drug war are obscured in order to prevent evaluation. A common claim, for example, is that prohibition is part of the nations effort to prevent serious crime. Bill Clintons drug czar, Dr. downwind Brown, testified before Congress Drugs especially addictive, hard-core drug use are behind much of the crime we see on our streets today, both those crimes committed by users to finance their lifestyles and those committed by traffickers and dealers fighting for territory and turf. . . . Moreover, there is a level of fear in our communities that is, I believe, unprecedented in our history . . . If these remarks had been preceded by two words, Prohibition of, the statement would have been correct, and the political reverberations would have been deafening.Instead, Dr.Brown implied that drug consumption is by itself responsible for turf wars and the other enumerated evils, an implication which he and all other drug warrior know is false. The only possibility more daunting than that our leaders are dissembling is that they might actually believe the nonsense they purvey. I have little to add to the catalogue of drug-war casualties in the other essays assembled here. I do, however, see another angle of entry for Mr. Buckleys efforts at quantification. I have argued elsewhere that the drug war is responsible for at least half of our serious crime.A panel of experts consulted by U. S. News World Report put the yearbook dollar cost of Americas crime at $674 billion. Half of that, $337 billion, was the total federal budget as recently as 1975. The crime costs of drug prohibition alone may equal 150 per cent of the entire federal welfare budget for 1995. I also think Mr. Buckley understates the nonquantifiable loss of what he quaintly refers to as amenities. Not only is it nearly suicidal to walk alone in Central Park at night, it is impossible in sections of some cities safely to leave ones home, or to remain there.Some Ameri cans sleep in their bathtubs hoping they are bullet-proof. Prohibition-generated violence is destroying large sections of American cities. We can have our drug war or we can have healthy cities we cannot have both. In this collection of essays, we critics have focused on the costs of the drug war. The warriors could justly complain if we failed to mention the advantages. So lets take a look at the benefit side of the equation. Were it not for the drug war, the prohibitionists say, we might be a nation of zombies.The DEA pulled the figure of 60 jillion from the sky thats how many cocaine users they say we would have if it werent for prohibition. Joseph Califanos colleague at the Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Dr. Herbert Kleber, a former assistant to William Bennett, puts the repress of cocaine users after repeal at a more modest 20 to 25 million. In contrast, government surveys suggest that only about 3 million Americans currently use cocaine even occasionally and fewer than 500,000 use it weekly.The prohibitionists scenarios have no basis either in our history or in other cultures. In many countries, heroin and cocaine are cheap and at least de facto legal. Mexico is awash in cheap drugs, yet our own State Department says that Mexico does not have a serious drug problem. Neither cocaine nor heroin is habitually consumed by more than a gnomish fraction of the residents of any country in the world. There is no reason to suppose that Americans would be the single exception.Lee Brown used to rely on alcohol prohibition as proof that legalization would addict the nation, asserting that alcohol consumption shot straight up when Prohibition was repealed. He no longer claims that, it having been pointed out to him that alcohol consumption increased only about 25 per cent in the years following repeal. Yet even assuming, strange to that experience, that ingestion of currently illegal drugs would double or triple following repeal, preventing such increa sed consumption still cannot be counted a true benefit of drug prohibition.After repeal, the drugs would be regulated their purity and potency would be disclosed on the package, as Mr. Buckley points out, together with appropriate warnings. Deaths from overdoses and toxic reactions would be reduced, not increased. Moreover, as Richard Cowan has explained (NR, How the Narcs Created Crack, Dec. 5, 1986), the drugs consumed after repeal would be less potent than those ingested under prohibition. Before alcohol prohibition, we were a nation of beer drinkers. Prohibition pushed us toward hard liquor, a habit from which we are still recovering.Before the Harrison Act, many Americans took their cocaine in highly diluted forms, such as Coca-Cola. We would also end the cruel practices exposit by Ethan Nadelmann wherein we deny pain medication to those who need it, preclude the medical use of marijuana, and compel drug users to share needles and thus to spread deadly diseases. The symmetry of users who would consume the drugs without substantial health or other problems would be greatly increased. In comparison to any plausible post-repeal scenario, therefore, there simply are no health benefits achieved by prohibition.

The concept and idea of privacy Essay Example for Free

The concept and idea of privacy EssayThe concept and idea of privacy is matchless which continues to exist in fewer and smaller instances in this generation. The advent of new technologies, of mobile communication, instant messaging and the virtual omnipresence afforded by these said devices has do it easier for individuals to connect and communicate with their friends, families, colleagues, society and the rest of the world through and through the most effortless of gestures or the simple press of a button.This convenience by means of interaction has brought most to indulge and engage in communication with other large number regardless of where they are, and whether or not they are in hearing hightail it of other people not directly concerned with the matter beingness discussed thus blurring the lines of private boundaries, or pronouncing it non-existent altogether. Technology is growing in its ability to nosepiece the gaps which separate individuals from each other, but it is also proving that a significant amount of people do not want these gaps bridged. It has ceased to exact surprise and amazement from people when certain individuals indulge in obnoxiously loud talks, private or otherwise, in a crowded or public place and within audition of everybody else in the near vicinity. Gone are the days of the now seemingly foreign and obsolescent idea of commuting long distance conversations through and from a telephone box mobile communication has rendered it impractical. Cellphones have become an almost indispensable part of every individual living in the 21st century, in a generation of displaced people, of individuals always out on the move trying to be all that they can be, mobile communication is a lifeline. Cellphones exist to stop up that certain parts of humanity will thrive by way of social interaction, or it could just be an efficient avenue for conducting business transactions, and sympathetic practical dealings devoid of personal senti ments. Whether or not mobile interactions constitute personal or business agenda however, its nagging and growing occurrent in public places nevertheless crosses boundaries of privacy, and oversteps on the right of other people to avail of it. The director of the Center for Mobile Communication Studies at Rutgers University, James Katz, poses the humankind of this by saying, if anything characterizes the 21st century, its our inability to restrain ourselves for the benefit of other people, he proceeds to emphasize this concept by saying the cellphone talker thinks his rights go above that of people around him, and the jammer thinks his are the more important rights. The jammer Katz was referring to exists in the person of a cellphone vigilante who invented a device to cut remove cellphone communication from cell towers, jamming radio frequencies, and thereby silencing the phone blabber in question. But carrying out loud and obnoxious conversations to the point of helplessness to address the personal boundaries of other individuals isnt the only threat to peoples privacy that cellphones are wielding, another form of it exists under the seemingly harmless and non-threatening platform that is Twitter. Twitter is a program which affords the people using it the virtual intimacy and networking connection of a blog, made efficient and automatic through mobile phones. Twitter has gained significant popularity among its some go forrs, enabling them to post packets of current life events, sentiments and similar ego-indulging stream of consciousness centering on the mundane, trivial, and/or pressing issues running through the course and goal of their existence and the everyday grind (Cohen). An article in The parvenu York Times negates the seeming harmlessness of the virtual communication platform by covering the story of a computer consultant from Florida who announced suicide late one night by way of driving his car on a bridge on Twitter using his cellphone, inciting alarm and panic on much of his five hundred plus network of friends. It turns out the computer consultant, Nick Starr didnt pull through with the suicide and was found the following day camped out in his car near the bridge. Needless to say, the twitter he left Alright this is it. Parked my car. I wish everyone who ever was nice to me well.See you in the next life. however brief, affected the five hundred some network of friends whose lives and personal space were disrupted, and by chance re-arranged because of a reality which only existed in the virtual world. When checked by police, Starr attributed his twitters to loneliness, and not being geographically close to his friends. He underwent therapy and has now moved to San Fransisco to be with most of his friends in real life. Much like the blurring boundaries of what is mean for private and public consumption, the lines of intimacy between the real is being substituted for the virtual. These aforementioned instances so lidifies and affirms the reality which plagues our generation. Content, messages and meanings intended for private consumption are dragged into the open, undiscriminating public sphere, and people are not finding this prevalent privatization of public space disturbing, but instead, accepting it as another reality which gets to be dealt with at one point or another. Few people, the likes of the previously discussed cellphone vigilante whose efforts in undermining the intrusion of privacy, and the need to keep private matters from seeping into the public sphere, are able to commit to opposing it by resorting to extreme measures. Of course, aside from cellphone frequency jamming being illegal, such cant be regarded as ethically and absolutely correct. What is unfortunate is that despite what has been said, the individuals who put their private lives up for public consumption, and the people who are on the receiving end of having their private spaces overstepped and trespassd upon by the former, are both victims of the seeming evils of new technologies, and its utilization.What needs to be addressed is not only how people make use of such technologies, taking care not to let the overwhelming digital and technological avenues and platforms of social interaction and communication overrun their private lives, or intrude upon that of others, but more importantly, to engage in healthy conversations in the real world. In traditional and good old fashioned human to human conversation whenever the opportunity presents itself without the need for handhelds or digital and electronic devices. Such will result to less misunderstandings, healthier relationships, public and private spaces being left as they are and humanity, ultimately affirmed and preserved.Works CitedCell Yell Thanks for (Not) Sharing. 22 November 2001. Taub, Eric A. The New York Times. 20 December 2007. Devices Enforce Silence of Cellphones, Illegally. 4 November 2007. Richtel, Matt. The New York Times . 20 December 2007. The Global Sympathetic Audience. 4 November 2007. Cohen, Noam. The New York Times. 20 December 2007.