Essay on K3D210- How Current Theories of Play Can Inform...

K3D210- How current theories of play can inform practice There are many theories into how children develop and how they learn. These are extremely important as they can be applied to modern strategies used for child behaviours. Presently, learning theories are placed into 3 categories: Behaviourist approaches – children learn as a result of what they see and what happens to them. Constructivist approaches – children learn actively rather than passively. Information processing- children learn cognitively. There have been many theorists who have opposing views on how and why children behave and how they learn. I will discuss 4 theorists, their theories and how they have influenced and shaped work with children. JEAN PIAGET was†¦show more content†¦Children can classify and order, as well as organise objects into series. The child is still tied to the immediate experience but within these limitations can perform logical mental operations. For example, can solve mental problems using counters and objects. STAGE- Formal Operational APPROXIMATE AGE- 11-15 years CHARACTERISTICS- Abstract reasoning begins. Children can now manipulate ideas, can speculate about the possible, can reason deductively and formulate and test hypothesis. Piaget developed a workable theory that has had considerable implications for education, most notably for child-centred learning methods in nursery and infant schools. Piaget argued that young children think quite differently from adults so therefore the teacher should adapt the teaching methods to suit the child. For example, nursery school classrooms can provide children with play materials that encourage their learning. Using sets of toys that encourage the practice of sorting, grading and counting. Play areas, where children can develop role-taking skills through imaginative play. Materials like water, sand, bricks and crayons that help children make their own constructions and create symbolic representations of objects and people in their lives. A teacher’s role is to create the conditions in which learning may best take place. As Piaget’s theory of child development is put into practice in nurseries and infant schools today I

Obesity And Its Effects On Children - 1500 Words

Obesity can affect everyone and anyone and affecting nearly 25% of all North American children. It can affect one during childhood or adulthood and sometimes their whole lives if their illness is never treated during childhood. Childhood obesity has tripled in the past 30 years. In 1980, the obesity rate of 6-11 year olds was 6.5%, in 2008 had tripled to 19.6%. For toddlers and preschoolers aged 2-5, the obesity levels have risen from 5% to 12.4% in the same amount of time. (Spark, 2010). Children are very vulnerable and can easily be prone to many illnesses because they are greatly dependant on their parents. Therefore, when a child suffers from obesity it is usually in the hands of the parents to help the child recover and better their†¦show more content†¦Children in the 85th percentile and above are considered to be suffering from obesity. Meaning 85 percent of other children have a lower body mass index (Parenting.org, 2016). A physician would also take in your childâ⠂¬â„¢s growth development. For example, BMI does not take into account a child’s height or muscularity. When diagnosing a child with obesity a physician takes many other factors into account before fulling diagnosing and referring treament. Misconceptions There are some misconceptions of obesity. It may often be mistaken for being overweight, meaning weighing more than you should. Instead, obesity is a chronic illness that refers to having too much body fat. Although, both concepts mean that your child has exceeded what is considered to be healthy for his or her age and height. Another misconception is that a child carries an ‘obese gene’.(Cohen, 2013). Where it is believed that children were born to be obese because there are obese people in their family. Although that it is not true, it is true that children with obese parents have a higher chance of being obese as well. It is not because of the ‘obese gene’ though, it is because they follow the same unhealthy lifestyle behaviors as their parents. Also, another misconception is that the lack fruits and vegetables is the reason for the obesity epidemic. Rather, this epidemic comes from the choices people make. People may head to the

Social Policy and Concept

Question: Discuss about theSocial Policy and Concept. Answer: Even though there are various types of theoretical perspectives, this essay will make a comparison between social democracy and neo-liberalism. It makes an analysis between the influences of these two perspectives on the chosen aspects of employment legislations in New Zealand since the year 1990. The essay will among other issues, address the debates regarding the role that is played by the State in a given society as well as the individualistic verses the collectivist approaches. The essay will also discuss the impact of various views on the most recent employment and social policy developments (Gearty, 2016). Based on the following commentary, it can genuinely be asserted that despite the fact that there has been dominance of Neo-liberalism in the most recent economic and politically history, some elements of social democratic ideologies can be regarded as presenting a level of social policy equality or balance right from the introduction of centralist politics that was being led by the government of Clark since 1999. However, it is prudent to note that even though there were significant differences which were attributed to policy changes in each of the perspectives above in regard to changes in policy, none of them can actually be linked or associated to tremendous enhancements in the social welfare of the concerned populations (Skinns, 2016). To effectively compare between Neo-liberalism and Social Democracy, a clear outline about them regarding their major characteristics should be made. On the part of Neo-liberalism, Belgrave, OBrien, and Chenye (2008) asserted that it was capable of gaining fame as a basis for the attainment of social well being during the 1980s. This was attributed to the fact that neo-liberalism was deemed as being an endeavor to effectively reinstate the conventional liberal free market principles which had been highly compromised as a result of heightened socialist movement which occurred between 1930s to 1970s. According to Hayek who was a renowned neo-liberal theorist (Duncan, 2007, Chenyne et al, 2008), it was asserted that the availability of uncontrolled markets presented people with an opportunity to not only have the freedom, but also the relevant freedom to attain the well being that can help them to seek for their own relevant and preferable interests (O'Malley, 2016). This argued is found ed on the assumption that people are always in a better position to both identify and pursue outcomes which are deemed to be desirable or preferable to them. According to views held by neoliberals, they strongly hold the belief that a free market presents individuals with the most effective channel for generation of economic growth in a country. They argue that this is because buyers and sellers use price signals in relaying preferences as well as the scarcity of resources across the available products and services in a market. As a result, this makes it easier for people to use such data and information in making informed choices about their specific needs. Producers on their part are known to attain monetary rewards when it becomes apparent that their services and products help the human population. As a result, individual pursuits that are capable of satisfying personal needs also have the ability of benefiting the entire society (Humpage, 2016). Based on this model, it can truly be expressed that it is the responsibility of the state to both develop and implement the relevant legislation that can enhance the effective functioning of t he market. The state is also tasked with the responsibility of not only guaranteeing equal opportunity for all and sundry in market involvement, but it is also tasked with ensuring that private property is well protected. One of the most important distinctions that should be highlighted in this research paper is between equal outcomes and equal opportunity (Schmidt, 2016). For instance, even though all people ought to have equal opportunity of pursuing their self interests, some people may have skills which are unique or even robust abilities in entrepreneurial skills. It thus becomes apparent that individuals having such skills having such knowledge or skills will have added advantage which will make them achieve higher returns at the expense of others in the market place. Owing to the fact that the market cannot essentially yield certainties and sureties in the outcomes, unequal outcomes become natural instead of being intentional. In addition to that, individuals who reap more benefits as opposed to other should never be victimized for succeeding on life (Dryzek, 2016). This is because their success can motivate other people to also work hard towards the achieved of more success. It has been asserted that the intervention of the state in market processes is known to greatly impinge upon the exercises of individual freedoms. This is because taxation is capable of undermining the rights of private property via neo-liberal perspective while on the other hand, service delivery and provisions which are controlled centrally are paternalistic and thus removes the freedom of people to freely make choices regarding the services that are required. As a result of such assumptions, a mandatory safety net ought to be given to individuals who are not able to meet or satisfy their needs and requirements. The ability of the market to fully maximize social well being is less convinced through social democracy. Social democracy, which is known to be a key critic of industrial capitalism, depicts an increase in the inequalities that are class-based due to unregulated or uncontrolled functioning of the market. Social democrats usually put more emphasis on not only equitable outcomes, but also provision of vulnerable members in the relevant societies (Upchurch Taylor, 2016). This can be achieved through intervention of the state through market regulation and redistributive taxation. As a result of this concern, most of the union movements which are well organized prefer social democracy because it caters for the general well being of the society and it also prefers to have collective responses to both economic and social disparities that exist in the society. Right from time immemorial, social democracy has been known to value collectivism as opposed to individualism. It thus holds the view that the human population is a social group as opposed to a composition of creatures that are detached. It also holds the opinion that membership in the community and nuclear families aid in shaping the identity of individuals. Another strong belief that exists is that cooperation and coordination strongly enhances social bonds and competition is deemed to be destructive because it is divisive in nature (Donzelot, 2016). Major industries that have significant national interests ought to be kept under public control as opposed to private control. Based on this, the state has a vital role to implement especially regarding decision making in the regulation or control of the economy and the distribution of resources. As from the year 1930 to the 1970s, the use of social democracy was known to uphold a theory which had been earlier created by John Maynard, an economist who was not even a socialist in the provision of credibility towards the argument. According to the economist, it was believed that governments or streets could easily intervene with the major aim of supporting instead of replacing and that that capitalism was a tool that could be used in reducing the volatility of the global market (Dawes Flew, 2016). This is because the system depended on total employment and the spending of the government on welfare, education infrastructure as well as education in the provision of goods and services which were unable to be produced by the markets. The conflict which exists between social democratic and neoliberal ideologies have led to the transformation of the current employment social policies in different ways (Morgan, 2016). Some of the major policy areas is the contrasting approaches towards relations in employment and the value of judgments that are attached in provision of help or support for individuals who search for employment. The implementation of the Employment Contracts Act 1991 resulted in major changes in the employment relations legislations to the objectives of neo-liberalism. This is because the act was the final stage in overturning of the industrial relations system which had existed since the late nineteenth century. On the other hand, the introduction of the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1894 was aimed at the creation of enhanced efficiencies in the labor markets through the use individualized competition, contracts, and even industrial stability that was coerced instead of being enhanced via employment relations (Langille, 2016). Based on the above information, it can truly be concluded that even though neo-liberal political perspective or ideology had a significant impact on the transformation of social policy in New Zealand as from the 1980s, the use of social democracy should never be underestimated. This is because social democracy has over a long period of time evolved significantly and made positive contributions in the 21st century on its own. It has been asserted that Neo-liberalism is characterized with its preference for free markets as being the tool for the achievement of economic growth and distribution of resources in the entire society. It is also marked with placing people in positions that can be used to pursue and determine the life courses that they prefer. Modern social policy on its hand is more concerned with achievement of social justice as well as collective well being using a missed economy. References Cheyne, C., OBrien, M., Belgrave, M. (2008). Social policy in Aotearoa New Zealand (4th ed.). South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. Dawes, S., Flew, T. (2016). Neoliberalism, voice and national media systems: An interview with Terry Flew. Networking Knowledge, 9(5), 1-10. Donzelot, J. (2016). City, Insecurity and Citizenship: The Emergence of Social Cohesion Policies. Dangerous Others, Insecure Societies: Fear and Social Division, 23. Dryzek, J. S. (2016). The Forum, the System, and the Polity Three Varieties of Democratic Theory. Political Theory, 0090591716659114. Gearty, C., 2016. Neo-Democracy:Useful Idiotof Neo-Liberalism?. British Journal of Criminology, p.azw010. Humpage, L. (2016). A Common Sense of the Times? Neoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ liberalism and Changing Public Opinion in New Zealand and the UK. Social Policy Administration, 50(1), 79-98. Langille, D. (2016). Follow the Money: How Business and Politics Define our Health. Social determinants of health: Canadian Perspectives, 470. Morgan, G. (2016). New actors and old solidarities: institutional change and inequality under a neo-liberal international order. Socio-Economic Review, 14(1), 201-225. O'Malley, P. (2016). Neoliberalism, Crime and Criminal Justice. Sydney Law School Research Paper, (16/10). Schmidt, V. A. (2016). The roots of neo-liberal resilience: Explaining continuity and change in background ideas in Europes political economy. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 18(2), 318-334. Skinns, D. (2016). Neo-liberalism and Austerity, Outsourcing and Punishment. In Coalition Government Penal Policy 20102015 (pp. 201-228). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Upchurch, M., Taylor, G. (2016). The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe: The Search for Alternatives. Routledge.

Outlook on Work and Vocation an Example by

Outlook on Work and Vocation It all started when a man is fertilized to become man. Of the million sperm cells that fought its way to the awaiting egg ready for fertilization work commenced. Work is the ransom paid for the sake of keeping alive. Man is condemned to labor because he must expiate the original sin. Nevertheless it should not be thought that labor suffices to restore man's lost status or dignity before God. Holy Scripture says that: All the labor of man is for his mouth, and yet the appetite is not filled (Ecclesiastes 6:7).. (The Dictionary of the History of Ideas) But way above the ethical consideration surrounding the principles, value and meaning of work time, man and his life are encapsulated within those four letters. Any menial or grandiose kind labor or work gives meaning to the dignity and entirety of man and his life. It is through labor that he attains his initial respect and thus, reconcile that, part and parcel of his waking up everyday is to stretch his muscles; sweat his brow and dwell on his responsibilities. Need essay sample on "Outlook on Work and Vocation" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Work endows man with all kinds of reward and recognition that every aspect of his being need and deserve: physically, economically, emotionally, psychologically, spiritually. It is the ultimate destination of the contribution of parental breeding; environmental influences and pursuits of formal and informal education: all to prepare man to work. Ancient thought, however, does not lack various expressions of a certain appreciation of human labor, apart from any prejudice that others may have had. In general such assertions are found among authors belonging to the school of Sophists and other minor schools. For example, Antiphon proclaims the harsh necessity of work insofar as life is accepted for what it is. This life is certainly not easy or sweet, but it nevertheless acquires meaning when it is crowned with success (Stobaeus, IV, 22.2.66; a fragment translated in I sofisti, ed. M. T. Cardini, Bari [1923], p. 126; also in Minor Attic Orators, Loeb Library, Vol. I). But Prodicus of Chios, in the circle of the Sophists, states the definitive thesis about work in his apology, Herculesat the Crossroad. Referring to Xenophon's Memorabilia (II, 1, 21-34), Prodicus insists on the virtue of labor which gives dignity to the life of man. (The Dictionary of the History of Ideas) So, time and civilization moved on immersed within the normal calling of work and labor. And man saw with the development of the times; the growth of civilization; the development of discoveries and invention; the challenging and competitive society he himself brought forth that work and labor can redound to newer light, complicated light, cynical light, inspiring light, challenging light, imperative light, robotic light. Now, work is a complex of and a paradox of moral and practical values. The conflict may start within himself. He may for a moment be in a driven position. He is confident of his qualification; the employment he is enjoined; the work objectives he shares. Along the line, he might transpire to be confused, angst ridden, even betrayed, even threatened. Conversely, there is an awakening as to how positive perspective of work can come about. Today we are experiencing a revolution in the workplace. Not only are institutions and huge conglomerates crumbling around us, our traditional ideas about work itself are dissolving. As a society we are undergoing a radical change in the way we think of work. We are starved for meaning and purpose in our lives, and with the breakdown in job security in the corporate world, we are no longer willing to separate our values from our work. There is a yearning to align life purpose with work to make it meaningful. The Buddhists call this Dharma, spiritual work, the vehicle for Spirit to express its blessing. It is both inner work, remembering our true Self, and outer work, the expression of our unique talents and role in the evolution of humanity. Work is meaningful when we add to the quality of life to those around us. Work is a vehicle for our creations to be a blessing to the world. (Naiman 1998) A modern day, celebrated American author, Louis Studs Terkel took into contemplation as to what workers have to say about their calling and their lives. He went and interviewed a great number and wide variety of workers, professionals, employees, career persons. All of the synopsis on their work and the meaning it correlated to their lives were all encapsulated in the book Working.. The subjects of the interview reflected in introspection on the wide spectrum of their daily lives vis--vis their jobs. There were the good and the bad. There were the innocent times and the knowing times. There were the abuse and there were the respect. There were times of job searching that resulted to either being accepted or rejected. And there were the experiences of transition in modernization of work: with the aid of mdoern machines and technology. And work as exemplified in the interiews of Mr. Terkel was for purposes of both achieving their meaning as human beings and ensuring their food on the table everyday. But there are many attributes that came about and around the workplace, the every changing demands and expectations redound to the likewises changes in demands and expectations of the worker from his work and his life. The infusion of different models of work pattern and expectations can create confusion. Work to have transcended for the better firstly went through raw stages, through infantile stages of trial and error. In the past, in the mass-production model, simple, narrowly defined jobs filled by people whor equired neither technical nor educaiton sophistication led to the need for complex, sometimes arcane processes in which employees has no sense of the big picture and the left hand rarely knew what the right was doing; whats more, no one seemd to care. While designed to meet the needes of companies, not customers, and short on overall efficiency, these processes provided control over the workforce, made all but the most basic training unnecessary, and enable the easy and inexpensive replacement of one worker with another. Employer were, in fact, frequently the least critical, least considered element in the process. In the mass-production model and its antecedents forcus was on compliance, not commitment; on doing what youre asked, not what you think; on money and trinkets as motivators rather than the work itself; on the accomplishments of the individual laborer, not the work group; and o n internal competition rather than internal cooperation.and this wont work. Nor will the practices that underlie it. (Heil, Parker, Stephens 182-183) A steelworker interviewed by Terkel said: I am a dying breed. A laborer. Strictly muscle work.pick it up, put it down. (Terkel xxxi). This can lead to reckoning that workers have the impression of being imposed upon, of being forced into responsibilities, of being dragged. But on the other hand, there is light at the end of the tunnel towards mans outlook on work. There is the reality of fast moving modernization of technology. Management principles have evolved into better and better heights. Between issues of economics and purchasing power and inflation and employment rates and growth indicators, man is still capable of viewing his work with a sense of vocation. The modern day worker can still find inspiration somewhere to elevate his sights; aim high; dream on; work hard. Social augmentations in the form of retirement plans; work incentives; recognitions have been put to place. This is apart from instilling in the worker, the professional, that he is the ultimate value in a workplace. The overall result of Terkels interview in Working.. regrettably may seem defeatist. But there is still a focal workforce that can see the better of light. They are now exposed to a more positive attributes of the workplace and the other members of the community of man that augment and are the beneficiaries of their labor. Understanding the nature of creativity and how to develop it at the personal and organizational level will help us create the world we want. . Understanding the cycles of creation will help us thrive in change, rather than to fear it. Developing our imagination, the language of the soul, allows Spirit to work through us as we answer our calling. The industrial revolution spawned the Information Age. With technology as king, it was supposed to save us from the drudgery of work and allow more time for leisure. However, the system itself had not changed. Work was still based on the old model of masculine values: logic, linear time, and linear thinking. Work was about consumption, security, status, domination, and control. Work was based on fear. The problem with the old model of work was that it had no heart, no soul, and no connection with human values. We are now moving from the Information Age into the "age of brainware" or "creation intensification," according to the Nomura Research Institute of Japan. Microsoft is an example of creativity in action. Like many companies born in the Information Age, it is constantly reinventing itself, dissolving old ideas and creating new models and new forms. "Microsoft's only factory asset is the human imagination," declared The New York Times in 1991. (Naiman 1998) One present-day work professional is interviewed to share views on her job and the result is definitive of how work has now evolved. Work can be viewed with positive attributes, wherein commitment is shared. It can thus come to pass that work can be a vocation wherein values that are priceless can be seen and even breed. I believe am aptly rewarded. Management in general values me. (Personal Interview 2007) There is of course the reality that work and vocation are exemplified at an extreme end of the spectrum. The case of the workers in China producing the Barbie Dolls have been put on the center of controversy. The workers described in Barbie's Betrayal saw their jobs as a demised sense of torture. They felt that they were discriminated against and that they had no true enjoyment or satisfaction for the works and toys that they helped to create. Mattel treated their employees as if they were criminals and humiliated them in front of other employees and management. There was no consideration for the rights of the workers or the conditions that they were being made to work in. (WebCT Discussions 2007) Conversely, the undertakings of a group towards to society and mankind truly illustrate the ideals and profound intentions of service. The Catholic Worker Movement focused on people working as a community. Dorothy Day, Founder of The Catholic Worker Movement believed people should help one another as a family. She wanted people to have a sense of belonging. People working together throughout the community would make a better way of life. (WebCT Discussions 2007) Therefore, work can be a vocation and answering a vocation requires work. There are heroes and there are also the deprived that can come about from the workplace and the work principles of modern day. The mystery of such paradox and cynicism can only be managed and handled on the personal level of the worker. Works Cited Page: Work. The Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Naiman, Linda. Creativity and the Meaning of Work Perspectives on Business and Global Change. World Business Academy and Berrett-Koehler. March, 1998, Heil, Gary; Parker, Tom; Stephens, Deborah C. One Size Fits One: Building Relationships One Customer and One Employee at a Time. Van Nostrand Reinhold International Thomson Publishing Inc.1997, p.182-183 Terkel, Louis Studs. Working: People Talk About What They Do All Day and How They Feel About What They Do. New Press. New Edition. 1997, p, xxxi

Analysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement

Analysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement Free Online Research Papers Question: Select a full page advertisement from either a newspaper of a magazine and do a semiotic analysis of how the representation ‘works’. To whom is the advertisement addressing, and the whom is the message directed? Advertisements are a rich source for semiotic analysis. The term semiotics derives from the Greek word semeion meaning sign. The birth of the science of semiotics can be attributed mainly to the work of two men, the American philosopher Charles Peirce, and the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. The meaning of a sign is not contained within itself, or as Daniel Chandler says, the message is not the meaning but arises in its interpretation and context (Chandler, 1998: WWW). Semiotics therefore refers to a kind of social interaction between the individual as a meaning maker and the sign offering different interpretations. The semiotic analysis of advertising believes that meanings of adverts are to move out from the page, to lend significance to our experience of reality. We are encouraged to experience the advertised, in terms of the mythic meanings on which adverts draw (Bignell, 1997: 33). Successful advertisements commonly combine textual and visual images to produce a maximum effect of persuasion on the directed audience. However, these effects will predominantly materialize with individuals who identify with and share the same cultural knowledge. Nonetheless, cultural knowledge is more than simply comprehending what the codes signify; it is developing and maintaining an awareness of the things that might be suggested by the code through systems of difference, denotations and connotations (O’Shaughnessy Stadler, 1998: 82). What follows is a semiological analysis of a Clarins advertisement for a fragrance in women’s magazine, Harper’s Bazzaar, Australia. This Clarins advertisement reveals values and standards, as well as ideological attitudes present amongst women in contemporary Australia. Language is linear; we select from groups of similar terms (paradigms) and chain the selection together in an ordered sequence (syntagm). In the Clarins ad, the paradigm for the word ‘tranquillity’ may include; silence, unconsciousness, coolness, composure or even the after effects of drugs. However, the connotations of ‘tranquillity’ are associated with peacefulness, freshness, serenity, contentment, harmony, soothing; words which create and establish pleasant feelings. Saussure suggests that each instant of communication (parole) is drawn from a total system (langue) which must exist for possible performance. Hence, in order to communicate, we must be competent in the general language system to associate signs to meanings. Furthermore, colour signs contribute to effective communication. The Clarins ad is composed largely of light blue, selected from a paradigm of colours. Like all signs, these colour signs work at two different levels: denotations and con notations. The ad denotes a rounded bottle sitting on a water surface, whilst the light blue affect emphasizes the theme of ‘tranquillity’. Research reveals that colours have subconscious psychological significance, accordingly â€Å"Dark Blue represents ‘Depth of Feeling’ and it has emotional correspondence with tranquillity, calmness, recharging, contentment, tenderness, unification, sensitivity, love and affection† (Chandler, 1998: WWW). Consequently, the Clarins advertisement is a form of propaganda designed to appeal to the audience by means of establishing a sense of pleasure. The colour red is used effectively to pursue its purpose. Blood red is associated with vibrancy, rage, passion, stimulation, excitement, desire and liveliness. The contrast of the red against the light blue disrupts viewers from the position and ambience created by the blue. The red connotes the trendiness of the fragrance, as well as promoting the make Clarins. Viewers ’ acknowledge that although the fragrance is ‘cool’, the product is ‘hot and in’. Furthermore, the demeanour of the fragrance can be semiotically analysed. The bottle appears to be floating on blue surface, connoting water. It is lying back in a relaxed motion. This suggests the ease and freedom of the fragrance. Signs communicate through a system of difference, for example, if the bottle of perfume was presented lying flat down onto a brown surface, the entire meaning would change. Instead of tranquillity and cleanliness, the perfume would look dirty and unattractive. Hence, text, colour and demeanour are all carefully selected and combined. These paradigmatic and syntagmatic dimensions of language are crucial operations of communication, in that they structure its possibilities. Subsequently, the signifier and the signified are culturally shared and arbitrary; they depend on cultural knowledge. Further research shows that this knowledge is influenced by all sorts of social forces such as traditions, fads, politics, cultural norms and so forth. As aforementioned, the colour blue in the Clarins advertisement connotes water. However, the audience are not told that the blue surface is water. An interpretation of it as water is dependant on the context. The audience are not consciously aware of this ‘natural’ association. Roland Barthes refers to this naturalised cultural knowledge as a myth (Barthes, 1977: 32). According to Barthes, myths are powerful messages circulating in society. They appear to be natural, inevitable and normal when they are particular beliefs that circulate as a type of social maintenance. Myths work with pre-existing denotative language, distorting and stressing certain language and beliefs (Barthes, 1977: 32). In exemplificat ion of this, in the Clarins ad, the perfume denotes a certain fragrance in a rounded blue bottle, while its connotations are of beauty, remembrance, freshness, pleasant aroma, identity and stylishness. Hence, the sign ‘perfume’ is also part of an older set of myths which might include class, status, courtships, gender relationships, identity and remembrance. â€Å"The basic denoted meaning is greatly embellished and interrelated with other social value systemsA mythic method is superimposed on the ordinary meaning† (Chandler, 1998: WWW). Each image contains an implied view of society, of the world and our roles in it. These images reveal sets of values, beliefs and feelings that together offer an ideological view of the world (O’Shaughnessy Stadler, p.96). Ads often present ‘ideal’ situations to create pleasure. The Clarins ad offers us an image of a stylish yet relaxed fragrance. These feel-good feelings present the ideology of happiness and contentment. This image is conveyed through the signs and signifiers whose connotations are discussed earlier. Each instance (parole) of communication shows us parts of the implied whole. This is described as metonymy in semiology (O’Sullivan, 1994). â€Å"Metonyms are signs in which one part or element stands for something larger†. For example, the physical bottle of perfume in the Clarins ad can be interpreted as metonym for a woman. The implied narrative is: any woman using the perfume will feel a sense of contentment, balance, tranquillity and in essence, beauty. The bottle is lying back connoting any freedom and relaxation. The shade of the lid is cream, which may connote the woman’s facial skin colour. Hence, women viewers will spontaneously identify and empathize with the fragrant bottle. Due to the reason that the advertisement is located in the social context is of a leading woman’s magazine, relaxation and personal pampering proves to be a winner. Also, Clarins is a French brand and the French are world leaders in fashion. The ad connects to ideologies of happiness and ideologies of being a successful and modern (‘new’) woman. The ad connects to contemporary values through its use of signs and how their paradigmatic meanings are multiplied up syntagmatically through the selection and combination of those signs and codes. Finally, the Clarins ad proves to be successful because the signifier is effectively signified. The context of a women’s magazine is suitable in organizing what the ad ‘implies’ to its most predominantly female audience. Viewers spontaneously decode the ad because the signs used are culturally recognized which incorporate social influences such as tradition, fashion, economics and what the advertisement perceives and strives to persuade us as the audience to perceive as cultural norms. REFERENCES Bignell, Jonathan (1997): Media Semiotics: An Introduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press Barthes, Roland (1977): â€Å"The Rhetoric of the Image.† Image, Music, Text. Ed. and trans. Stephen Heath. New York: Hill and Wang Chandler, Daniel (1998): Semiotics for Beginners URL aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem07/ (Accessed 3rd September, 2004) O’Shaughnessy, Michael (1999): â€Å"Semiology†, â€Å"Reading Images.† Media and Society: and Introduction 2nd Edition. Melbourne: Oxford University Press Research Papers on Analysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThree Concepts of PsychodynamicRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaResearch Process Part One19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion

An Overview of Genetic Engineering essays

An Overview of Genetic Engineering essays Imagine a world full of 'mini Hitlers' seeking world domination, killing millions as their solution to establish a superior race or bunch or 2 headed humans eating a pig with 6 legs. These scenarios may sound like something out a science fiction novel, but this is the kind of things that people think about when they hear the words 'genetic engineering' Genetic engineering is now an important part of this world. It is used to cure diseases, develop food that grows faster and food that's healthier. Without genetic engineering, it will not be possible to feed the 10 billion humans expected by the year 2030. Only by using this new technology can we increase food production enough so that it is possible to feed this growing world. This can be done by producing plant varieties that are more precisely adapted to local conditions. This also helps poor farmers by reducing their expenses such as pesticides. In developing worlds, there are over 100 million children with vitamin A deficiency causing huge problems such as blindness. These people eat mainly rice and rice has no vitamin A. Right now the only way they can get enough vitamin A is by costly supplements that don't reach everyone. So scientists are genetically engineering rice so that it contains vitamin A, and this rice seed could be distributed to the poorest areas of the world, a brilliant and simple idea. So how can consumers live in the developed world benefit from plant biotechnology? Using modern biotechnology scientists have already produced food with improved flavor, food that is better for health and food with better qualities. Examples of these are apples and sweet corns that are insect resistant, frost resistant strawberries, and seedless grapes. One of the main reasons why people oppose genetic engineering is that they think biotechnology is an imprecise science and so it will likely to result in unanticipated outcomes and dangerous surprises. But did you know th...

Describe the methods used to calculate value added. How does value Essay - 4

Describe the methods used to calculate value added. How does value added contribute towards understanding the connections betwee - Essay Example Value added concept of income measurement has been viewed as the increase in the wealth of an economic body. It is traditionally rooted to the evaluation of national income in macro economics, measured by national economy productive performance.2 This concept is referred to as National or Domestic product and represents a specific period’s national economy. This is a common use of this concept but it has also been applied in many other different areas of business operations and economics as a positive performance and economic gauge. This makes value added a measure and indicator of an economic entity’s performance and has a fairly long period of application in the field of economics.3 Value added represents a calculated value, and for this reason, it is well related to accounting. It is also contrasted from the traditional calculation of income in that, it can be and has been used in all the three accounting systems i.e. managerial accounting, financial accounting and t he national accounting system. It is also distinguishable from income computation whereby value added is constantly described internationally as a difference of expenses from revenues. It can be defined in two ways that will be discussed below and this gives value added concept another critical characteristic commonly known as the dichotomy of value added.4 Subtractive method is the first method of calculating the value added and it is defined as: Value Added (VA) = O – I. Where O = Output; I = Input. This means that when being compared to accounting income, it is perceived as the net figure. The value expressed is the value that an economic body, such as a person, an industry or a company adds to the products and services it purchased or received from other entities during its creative or own productive economic activities.5 In the second one, additive method, the value added is represented by the total sum of the distributed parts that constitute the created wealth. This is done with respect to the reality that all the created wealth is well distributed i.e. by being allocated in some way. When considering a company, value added calculation is defined as: VA (Value Added) = RE + RG + RCP + NAP. Where RE = Remuneration of employees; RG = Remuneration of government; RCP = Remuneration of capital providers; NAP = not appropriated income i.e. retained earnings.6 The two formulas above disclose the characteristic content that value added concept has. This concept can be divided into social aspect, represented by the additive method, and performance aspect which is articulated by the subtractive method. This shows that in addition to economic information given by this concept, value added also offers social information through identification of the part of the yield that goes to every contributor of the whole process in a company.7 Value added concept has evolved besides its historical principal function in national accounting to several other uses and appl ications in the three; financial, national and managerial accounting. The two sided feature of value added i.e. performance and social characteristic, is depicted clearly by the concrete and possible applications. Hence it has been argued as a way to estimate productivity of an economic body through their way of using productive factors.8 This makes the